在不良资产清收中,不良资产管理公司或银行等金融机构针对无法按期收回的债权,通常会考虑向债务人提起诉讼或仲裁开展清收,并通过法院强制执行债务人名下的资产来最终实现债权。
发现和执行债务人的资产,是不良资产清收中的重要一环。但可能会遇到各种困难,其中最复杂的莫过于债务人故意隐藏境外资产、转移财产到海外。
例如,很多债务人在境外进行了实业投资。这些实业资产如,在越南等东南亚国家投资的制造业工厂,在马来西亚、印尼等国际投资了种植园,或者在加拿大、澳大利亚、蒙古国等国家投资了矿业。
再比如,很多债务人的实控人将资金转到海外,作为个人资产。由于实控人往往为债务撑大了的担保方,因此也是债务人之一。这些个人资产,例如,在加拿大或澳大利亚的房产,在新加坡或者美国的银行账户内的现金资产等。
因此,如果金融机构要有效地进行不良资产清收并实现债权,就需要到海外执行债务人的境外资产。
那么,中国债务人的境外资产可以执行吗?
一、执行境外资产的法律基础
债务人的境外资产是可以执行的。因为中国的仲裁裁决几乎可以在所有国家执行。而中国的法院判决,则可以至少在47个国家和地区执行。
首先,对于国内的仲裁裁决来说,例如贸仲、北仲、上仲、深仲等作出的裁决,已经可以在世界上绝大多数国家执行。
这是因为绝大多数国家都加入了纽约公约,各国基于此条约而承诺互相执行仲裁裁决。所以,仲裁裁决的跨境执行基本不存在法律上的障碍。
其次,对于国内的法院判决来说,根据我们的观察和研究,至少在47个国家和地区,中国判决的执行不会存在实质性障碍。
只要中国判决符合程序正当等一些最基本审查标准,就可以在这些国家的法院申请强制执行。
这些国家中,有35个国家已与中国签订了相关双边司法协助条约,并可据此承认和执行中国判决,另有12个国家已根据其本国法律主动执行了中国判决。因此,中国判决可在这些地方执行。
二、执行境外资产的具体情况
这些国家中,有35个国家将根据与中国签订了互相执行判决的双边司法协助条约,另有12个国家已根据自己的法律主动执行了中国判决。因此,中国判决可在这些地方执行。
为便于理解,我们将前述47个国家和地区,按照所在区域的不同,列举如下:
1. 北美洲:美国、加拿大。
2. 大洋洲:澳大利亚、新西兰。
3. 亚洲:韩国、日本、新加坡、越南、以色列、土耳其、伊朗、阿联酋、科威特、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、老挝、朝鲜。
4. 欧洲:英国、法国、意大利、西班牙、德国、荷兰、俄罗斯、塞浦路斯、希腊、匈牙利、立陶宛、波兰、乌克兰、白俄罗斯、波黑、保加利亚、罗马尼亚。
5. 非洲:埃及、阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥、突尼斯、埃塞俄比亚。
6. 南美洲:巴西、阿根廷、秘鲁、古巴。
7. 离岸地区:BVI(英属维尔京群岛)。
三、执行境外资产的具体操作
1. 确定债务人名下是否有境外资产
首先需要调查债务人的资产状况,了解其是否有在境外的厂矿等实业投资、房产等不动产、银行存款和股票账户等流动性资产等。这一步可以通过有丰富经验的跨境债务催收团队开展全球资产调查来实现。
2. 确认境外资产的现状
确定了债务人有境外资产后,需要进一步了解这些资产的现状,这一点对于实业资产来说尤为重要。如矿业资产的矿权是否合法、权利无瑕疵,厂矿企业的经营是否正常,生产销售状况如何。如果债务人不配合调查,则需要丰富经验的跨境债务催收团队,通过国际商业调查机构进行外围调查。
3. 联系境外法院或相关机构
根据资产所在地的法律程序,需要联系当地的法院或相关机构,申请承认和执行中国的仲裁裁决或法院判决。这一步跨境债务催收团队组织安排当地律师协助进行。
4. 执行判决或裁决
获得执行许可后,可以开始强制执行债务人的境外资产。这可能涉及到对资产的查封、冻结、拍卖等操作,具体程序需要根据当地的法律规定进行。对于流动性较差的实业资产,还需要组织境内或境外的产业投资人或财务投资人参与这些境外实业资产的变卖。
四、结语
在不良资产清收中,执行境外资产是一项复杂而重要的任务。金融机构在进行不良资产清收时,应该综合考虑各种因素,包括目标国家的法律制度、执行程序、政治文化等,制定合理的执行策略。
同时,应当聘请专业的跨境债务催收机构,如浩天律师事务所杜国栋律师领导的跨境债务催收团队。专业的机构一般具备两方面的能力,一是可以迅速在全球范围内找到债务人的财产,并查明资产的法律属性、经营状况和市场价值,二是熟悉各国司法体制并掌握本地法律资源,可以充分运用当地力量执行中国判决或仲裁裁决,为债权人取得这些境外资产。
Photo by Dominik Vanyi on Unsplash
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